In 2020 the report stated that Iran continued to support acts of terrorism regionally and globally. Regionally, Iran supported proxies and partner groups in Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen, including Hezbollah and Hamas. Globally, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Qods Force remained the primary Iranian actors involved in supporting terrorist recruitment, financing, and plots across Europe, Africa, Asia, and North and South America. Furthermore, senior Al-Qaeda leaders continued to reside in Iran and facilitate terrorist operations from there. (1)
The following is a description of a small segment of the connection between Iran and Al-Qaeda over the years. (2)
For the first time, on August 7, 1998, Al-Qaeda successfully employed Iran and Hezbollah terrorist tactics to devastating effect. Al-Qaeda carried out two simultaneous suicide truck bombings outside the U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, that killed 223 people and injuring thousands more.
Following the embassy bombings, the U.S. Attorney's Office in New York unsealed its indictment of Al-Qaeda and bin Laden on November 5, 1998. The key section of the indictment states the case explicitly: "Al-Qaeda forged alliances with the National Islamic Front in the Sudan and with the government of Iran and its associated terrorist group, Hezbollah, for the purpose of working together against their perceived common enemies in the West, particularly the United States." (3)
In November 2011, a U.S. judge found that Iran was culpable for the bombings for contributing "material support" to Al-Qaeda essential for executing the attacks. According to the judge's decision, "the government of Iran aided, abetted and conspired with Hezbollah, Osama bin Laden, and Al-Qaeda to launch large-scale bombing attacks against the United States by utilizing the sophisticated delivery mechanism of powerful suicide truck bombs… Prior to their meetings with Iranian officials and agents, bin Laden and Al-Qaeda did not possess the technical expertise required to carry out the embassy bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. The Iranian defendants, through Hezbollah, provided explosives training to bin Laden and Al-Qaeda and rendered direct assistance to Al-Qaeda operatives." (4)
In March 2015, a U.S. federal judge found Iran, along with Sudan liable in the bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen. The judge stated that "in the years leading up to the Cole bombing, Iran was directly involved in establishing Al-Qaeda’s Yemen network and supported training and logistics for Al-Qaeda in the Gulf region." The judge wrote, summarizing his finding of financial, logistical and other support provided by the two governments to Al-Qaeda in the 1990s. "Iran used Lebanese Hizballah ... as its primary 'facilitator' for providing training and communications support" to Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups, the judge wrote. (5)
The 9/11 Commission's chapter, "Assistance from Hezbollah and Iran to Al-Qaeda", documents Iran's facilitation of transit for Al-Qaeda members through its territory from 2000-2001. After listing various examples, the report states, "In sum, there is strong evidence that Iran facilitated the transit of Al-Qaeda members into and out of Afghanistan before 9/11, and that some of these were future 9/11 hijackers. There is also circumstantial evidence that senior Hezbollah operatives were closely tracking the travel of some of these future muscle hijackers into Iran in November 2000."
At the same time, the report asserts, "We have found no evidence that Iran or Hezbollah was aware of the planning for what later became the 9/11 attack…We believe this topic requires further investigation by the U.S. government." (6)
A senior U.S. official has told that the Commission has uncovered evidence suggesting that between eight and ten of the 14 'muscle' hijackers - that is, those involved in gaining control of the four 9/11 aircrafts and subduing the crew and passengers - passed through Iran in the period from October 2000 to February 2001. Sources also tell that Commission investigators found that Iran had a history of allowing Al-Qaeda members to enter and exit Iran across the Afghan border. This practice dated back to October 2000, with Iranian officials issuing specific instructions to their border guards about in some cases not to put stamps in the passports of Al-Qaeda personnel, and otherwise not harass them and to facilitate their travel across the frontier. (7)
Further investigation has indeed revealed evidence suggesting Iran and Hezbollah were aware of the planning for 9/11. Two defectors from Iran's intelligence service have testified that Iranian officials had 'foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks,' and one of the defectors also 'claimed that Iran was involved in planning the attacks.' (8)
Those defectors have been called as witnesses in a case brought by families of the victims of the September 11 attacks. "The court papers also include sworn statements from staff members of the 9/11 Commission, including Dietrich Snell, a former top terrorism prosecutor at the Justice Department, who states in his affidavit that 'there is clear and convincing evidence the government of Iran provided material support to Al-Qaeda in the planning and execution of the 9/11 attack.' He said the support came in the form of 'facilitating the travel of members of the 9/11 conspiracy to and from Afghanistan and Pakistan.'" (9)
In December 2011, Judge George Daniels, presiding over the case, ruled that Iran was liable for the September 11 attacks because its support for Al-Qaeda allowed the attacks to occur. He also noted that Iran "continues to provide material support and resources to Al-Qaida by providing a safe haven for Al-Qaida leadership and rank-and-file Al-Qaida members." (10)
On March 9, 2016, the civil suit filed by two insurance companies and the families of the victims of the 9/11 attacks ended in a multibillion-dollar judgment against the government of Iran. U.S. Judge George Daniels issued a default judgment against Iran. Earlier in the case, in 2011, Daniels found, "The Islamic Republic of Iran provided material support or resources…to Al-Qaeda generally. Such material support or resources took the form of, inter alia, planning, funding, facilitation of the hijackers' travel and training, and logistics, and included the provision of services, money, lodging, training, expert advice or assistance, safehouses, false documentation or identification and/or transportation." (11)
In 2018 the default judgment issued by Judge George Daniels found the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran liable for the deaths of 1,008 people whose families sued. The federal judge in New York ordered Iran to pay billions of dollars to parents, spouses, siblings and children of more than 1,000 9/11 victims. (12)
In a 2018 interview on Iranian state television, Mohammad-Javad Larijani, former secretary of the High Council for Human Rights, all but confirmed Iran's permissive relationship with Al-Qaeda, stating "The al-Qaeda members asked the Iranian authorities not to stamp their passports because the Saudi government would prosecute them if it knew they traveled to Iran. Our government agreed not to stamp the passports of some of them because they were on transit flights for two hours, and they were resuming their flights without having their passports stamped. However, their movements were under the complete supervision of the Iranian intelligence." (13)
In 2003, there were reports of a "decade-old relationship" between Ayman al-Zawahiri, then Al-Qaeda's second-in-command, and Ahmad Vahidi, Iran's former Minister of Defense. In 2001, Vahidi reportedly provided "safe harbor for some Al-Qaeda leaders who were trapped in the mountains of Tora Bora" following negotiations with al-Zawahiri. According to a European intelligence analyst, "The [Quds] Force's senior leaders have longstanding ties to Al-Qaeda, and since the fall of Afghanistan, have provided some Al-Qaeda leaders with travel documents and safe haven." (14)
In 2013, Peter T. King, a Representative in Congress and Chairman of Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence stated that "since 2001 some senior leaders on Al-Qaeda's management council have resided in Iran. Al-Qaeda uses Iran as facilitation, finance, and transport hub." (15)
In a series of designations and other official statements issued since July 2011, the US Treasury and State Department have repeatedly targeted Al-Qaeda’s "core facilitation pipeline" inside Iran. (16)
For example, on July 20, 2016, the U.S. Treasury Department announced that it had sanctioned three high-level Al-Qaeda operatives who are living in Iran. (17)
According to a UN report from 2018 "Al-Qaeda leaders in the Islamic Republic of Iran have grown more prominent, working with" Zawahiri and "projecting his authority more effectively than he could previously". (18)
The CIA has released hundreds of thousands of documents, images, and computer files recovered during the May 2011 raid on Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The material provides invaluable insights into the terrorist organization that struck America on September 11, 2001.
One 19-page document contains a senior jihadist's assessment of the group's relationship with Iran. The author explains that Iran offered some "Saudi brothers" in Al- Qaeda "everything they needed," including "money, arms" and "training in Hezbollah camps in Lebanon, in exchange for striking American interests in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf." Iranian intelligence facilitated the travel of some operatives with visas, while sheltering others. Abu Hafs al-Mauritani, an influential ideologue prior to 9/11, helped negotiate a safe haven for his jihadi comrades inside Iran. But the author of the file, who is clearly well-connected, indicates that Al-Qaeda's men violated the terms of the agreement and Iran eventually cracked down on the Sunni jihadists' network, detaining some personnel. Still, the author explains that Al-Qaeda is not at war with Iran and some of their "interests intersect," especially when it comes to being an "enemy of America."
Bin Laden urged caution when it came to threatening Iran. In a previously released letter, bin Laden described Iran as Al-Qaeda's "main artery for funds, personnel, and communication." And despite their differences, Iran continued to provide crucial support for Al-Qaeda's operations. (19)
On April 22, 2013, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police announced the arrest of two people in connection with plotting a terrorist attack on a passenger train that travels from Toronto through Niagara Falls into New York City.
According to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the alleged terrorists were receiving assistance from Al-Qaeda elements in Iran. The RCMP stated that there were no signs of connection to state sponsorship. (20)
In 2018 U.N. sanctions monitors declared that criminal networks are using Iran as a transit point for illicit Somali charcoal exports that earn Al-Qaeda-affiliated Islamist militants Al- Shabaab millions of dollars annually in tax.
The report says that since March the main destination for shipments - using fake country of origin certificates from Comoros, Ivory Coast and Ghana - has been ports in Iran, where the charcoal is packaged into white bags labeled "Product of Iran". "The bags were then reloaded onto smaller, Iran-flagged boats, and exported to Port Al Hamriya, Dubai, UAE, using certificates of origin falsely indicating the 'country of manufacture' of the charcoal as Iran," the monitors wrote. (21)
On January 12, 2021, outgoing U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo delivered an address accusing Iran of being Al-Qaeda's "new home base". Pompeo alleged that after 30 years of cooperation, Iran and Al-Qaeda had taken their relationship to a new level in recent years. In 2015, Tehran supposedly "decided to allow Al-Qaeda to establish a new operational headquarters" on its territory, and now "the terrorist organization is operating under the hard shell of the Iranian regime's protection." (22)
-
(1)
Country Reports on Terrorism 2020
United States Department of State
https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/
Country Reports on Terrorism 2019
United States Department of State
https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/
Country Reports on Terrorism 2018
United States Department of State
https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2018/
(2)
Al-Qaeda and Iran: Alliance Against the US
United Against Nuclear Iran
https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/al-qaeda-iran
(3)
US Grand Jury indictment against Usama Bin Laden
United States District Court
Southern District of New York
November 5, 1998
https://irp.fas.org/news/1998/11/98110602_nlt.html
(4)
Iran responsible for 1998 U.S. embassy bombings
Marc A. Thiessen
The Washington Post December 8, 2011
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/iran-responsible-for-1998-us-embassy-bombings/2011/12/08/gIQAuEAAfO_story.html
U.S. District Court
The District of Columbia
Judge John D. Bates
November 28, 2011
https://legaltimes.typepad.com/files/bates-opinion-3.pdf
(5)
Judge orders Sudan, Iran to pay $75 million to family of USS Cole victim
Spencer S. Hsu
The Washington Post March 31, 2015
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/judge-orders-sudan-iran-to-pay-75-million-to-family-of-uss-cole-victim/2015/03/31/a2105dd8-d7b8-11e4-ba28-f2a685dc7f89_story.html
(6)
The 9/11 Commission Report
July 22, 2004
https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf#page=258
(7)
9/11 Commission Finds Ties Between al-Qaeda and Iran
Adam Zagorin and Joe Klein
Time July 16, 2004
http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,664967,00.html
(8)
Court Filings Assert Iran Had Link to 9/11 Attacks
Benjamin Weiser and Scott Shane
Following the embassy bombings, the U.S. Attorney's Office in New York unsealed its indictment of Al-Qaeda and bin Laden on November 5, 1998. The key section of the indictment states the case explicitly: "Al-Qaeda forged alliances with the National Islamic Front in the Sudan and with the government of Iran and its associated terrorist group, Hezbollah, for the purpose of working together against their perceived common enemies in the West, particularly the United States." (3)
In November 2011, a U.S. judge found that Iran was culpable for the bombings for contributing "material support" to Al-Qaeda essential for executing the attacks. According to the judge's decision, "the government of Iran aided, abetted and conspired with Hezbollah, Osama bin Laden, and Al-Qaeda to launch large-scale bombing attacks against the United States by utilizing the sophisticated delivery mechanism of powerful suicide truck bombs… Prior to their meetings with Iranian officials and agents, bin Laden and Al-Qaeda did not possess the technical expertise required to carry out the embassy bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. The Iranian defendants, through Hezbollah, provided explosives training to bin Laden and Al-Qaeda and rendered direct assistance to Al-Qaeda operatives." (4)
In March 2015, a U.S. federal judge found Iran, along with Sudan liable in the bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen. The judge stated that "in the years leading up to the Cole bombing, Iran was directly involved in establishing Al-Qaeda’s Yemen network and supported training and logistics for Al-Qaeda in the Gulf region." The judge wrote, summarizing his finding of financial, logistical and other support provided by the two governments to Al-Qaeda in the 1990s. "Iran used Lebanese Hizballah ... as its primary 'facilitator' for providing training and communications support" to Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups, the judge wrote. (5)
The 9/11 Commission's chapter, "Assistance from Hezbollah and Iran to Al-Qaeda", documents Iran's facilitation of transit for Al-Qaeda members through its territory from 2000-2001. After listing various examples, the report states, "In sum, there is strong evidence that Iran facilitated the transit of Al-Qaeda members into and out of Afghanistan before 9/11, and that some of these were future 9/11 hijackers. There is also circumstantial evidence that senior Hezbollah operatives were closely tracking the travel of some of these future muscle hijackers into Iran in November 2000."
At the same time, the report asserts, "We have found no evidence that Iran or Hezbollah was aware of the planning for what later became the 9/11 attack…We believe this topic requires further investigation by the U.S. government." (6)
A senior U.S. official has told that the Commission has uncovered evidence suggesting that between eight and ten of the 14 'muscle' hijackers - that is, those involved in gaining control of the four 9/11 aircrafts and subduing the crew and passengers - passed through Iran in the period from October 2000 to February 2001. Sources also tell that Commission investigators found that Iran had a history of allowing Al-Qaeda members to enter and exit Iran across the Afghan border. This practice dated back to October 2000, with Iranian officials issuing specific instructions to their border guards about in some cases not to put stamps in the passports of Al-Qaeda personnel, and otherwise not harass them and to facilitate their travel across the frontier. (7)
Further investigation has indeed revealed evidence suggesting Iran and Hezbollah were aware of the planning for 9/11. Two defectors from Iran's intelligence service have testified that Iranian officials had 'foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks,' and one of the defectors also 'claimed that Iran was involved in planning the attacks.' (8)
Those defectors have been called as witnesses in a case brought by families of the victims of the September 11 attacks. "The court papers also include sworn statements from staff members of the 9/11 Commission, including Dietrich Snell, a former top terrorism prosecutor at the Justice Department, who states in his affidavit that 'there is clear and convincing evidence the government of Iran provided material support to Al-Qaeda in the planning and execution of the 9/11 attack.' He said the support came in the form of 'facilitating the travel of members of the 9/11 conspiracy to and from Afghanistan and Pakistan.'" (9)
In December 2011, Judge George Daniels, presiding over the case, ruled that Iran was liable for the September 11 attacks because its support for Al-Qaeda allowed the attacks to occur. He also noted that Iran "continues to provide material support and resources to Al-Qaida by providing a safe haven for Al-Qaida leadership and rank-and-file Al-Qaida members." (10)
On March 9, 2016, the civil suit filed by two insurance companies and the families of the victims of the 9/11 attacks ended in a multibillion-dollar judgment against the government of Iran. U.S. Judge George Daniels issued a default judgment against Iran. Earlier in the case, in 2011, Daniels found, "The Islamic Republic of Iran provided material support or resources…to Al-Qaeda generally. Such material support or resources took the form of, inter alia, planning, funding, facilitation of the hijackers' travel and training, and logistics, and included the provision of services, money, lodging, training, expert advice or assistance, safehouses, false documentation or identification and/or transportation." (11)
In 2018 the default judgment issued by Judge George Daniels found the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran liable for the deaths of 1,008 people whose families sued. The federal judge in New York ordered Iran to pay billions of dollars to parents, spouses, siblings and children of more than 1,000 9/11 victims. (12)
In a 2018 interview on Iranian state television, Mohammad-Javad Larijani, former secretary of the High Council for Human Rights, all but confirmed Iran's permissive relationship with Al-Qaeda, stating "The al-Qaeda members asked the Iranian authorities not to stamp their passports because the Saudi government would prosecute them if it knew they traveled to Iran. Our government agreed not to stamp the passports of some of them because they were on transit flights for two hours, and they were resuming their flights without having their passports stamped. However, their movements were under the complete supervision of the Iranian intelligence." (13)
In 2003, there were reports of a "decade-old relationship" between Ayman al-Zawahiri, then Al-Qaeda's second-in-command, and Ahmad Vahidi, Iran's former Minister of Defense. In 2001, Vahidi reportedly provided "safe harbor for some Al-Qaeda leaders who were trapped in the mountains of Tora Bora" following negotiations with al-Zawahiri. According to a European intelligence analyst, "The [Quds] Force's senior leaders have longstanding ties to Al-Qaeda, and since the fall of Afghanistan, have provided some Al-Qaeda leaders with travel documents and safe haven." (14)
In 2013, Peter T. King, a Representative in Congress and Chairman of Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence stated that "since 2001 some senior leaders on Al-Qaeda's management council have resided in Iran. Al-Qaeda uses Iran as facilitation, finance, and transport hub." (15)
In a series of designations and other official statements issued since July 2011, the US Treasury and State Department have repeatedly targeted Al-Qaeda’s "core facilitation pipeline" inside Iran. (16)
For example, on July 20, 2016, the U.S. Treasury Department announced that it had sanctioned three high-level Al-Qaeda operatives who are living in Iran. (17)
According to a UN report from 2018 "Al-Qaeda leaders in the Islamic Republic of Iran have grown more prominent, working with" Zawahiri and "projecting his authority more effectively than he could previously". (18)
The CIA has released hundreds of thousands of documents, images, and computer files recovered during the May 2011 raid on Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The material provides invaluable insights into the terrorist organization that struck America on September 11, 2001.
One 19-page document contains a senior jihadist's assessment of the group's relationship with Iran. The author explains that Iran offered some "Saudi brothers" in Al- Qaeda "everything they needed," including "money, arms" and "training in Hezbollah camps in Lebanon, in exchange for striking American interests in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf." Iranian intelligence facilitated the travel of some operatives with visas, while sheltering others. Abu Hafs al-Mauritani, an influential ideologue prior to 9/11, helped negotiate a safe haven for his jihadi comrades inside Iran. But the author of the file, who is clearly well-connected, indicates that Al-Qaeda's men violated the terms of the agreement and Iran eventually cracked down on the Sunni jihadists' network, detaining some personnel. Still, the author explains that Al-Qaeda is not at war with Iran and some of their "interests intersect," especially when it comes to being an "enemy of America."
Bin Laden urged caution when it came to threatening Iran. In a previously released letter, bin Laden described Iran as Al-Qaeda's "main artery for funds, personnel, and communication." And despite their differences, Iran continued to provide crucial support for Al-Qaeda's operations. (19)
On April 22, 2013, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police announced the arrest of two people in connection with plotting a terrorist attack on a passenger train that travels from Toronto through Niagara Falls into New York City.
According to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the alleged terrorists were receiving assistance from Al-Qaeda elements in Iran. The RCMP stated that there were no signs of connection to state sponsorship. (20)
In 2018 U.N. sanctions monitors declared that criminal networks are using Iran as a transit point for illicit Somali charcoal exports that earn Al-Qaeda-affiliated Islamist militants Al- Shabaab millions of dollars annually in tax.
The report says that since March the main destination for shipments - using fake country of origin certificates from Comoros, Ivory Coast and Ghana - has been ports in Iran, where the charcoal is packaged into white bags labeled "Product of Iran". "The bags were then reloaded onto smaller, Iran-flagged boats, and exported to Port Al Hamriya, Dubai, UAE, using certificates of origin falsely indicating the 'country of manufacture' of the charcoal as Iran," the monitors wrote. (21)
On January 12, 2021, outgoing U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo delivered an address accusing Iran of being Al-Qaeda's "new home base". Pompeo alleged that after 30 years of cooperation, Iran and Al-Qaeda had taken their relationship to a new level in recent years. In 2015, Tehran supposedly "decided to allow Al-Qaeda to establish a new operational headquarters" on its territory, and now "the terrorist organization is operating under the hard shell of the Iranian regime's protection." (22)
-
(1)
Country Reports on Terrorism 2020
United States Department of State
https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/
Country Reports on Terrorism 2019
United States Department of State
https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/
Country Reports on Terrorism 2018
United States Department of State
https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2018/
(2)
Al-Qaeda and Iran: Alliance Against the US
United Against Nuclear Iran
https://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/al-qaeda-iran
(3)
US Grand Jury indictment against Usama Bin Laden
United States District Court
Southern District of New York
November 5, 1998
https://irp.fas.org/news/1998/11/98110602_nlt.html
(4)
Iran responsible for 1998 U.S. embassy bombings
Marc A. Thiessen
The Washington Post December 8, 2011
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/iran-responsible-for-1998-us-embassy-bombings/2011/12/08/gIQAuEAAfO_story.html
U.S. District Court
The District of Columbia
Judge John D. Bates
November 28, 2011
https://legaltimes.typepad.com/files/bates-opinion-3.pdf
(5)
Judge orders Sudan, Iran to pay $75 million to family of USS Cole victim
Spencer S. Hsu
The Washington Post March 31, 2015
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/judge-orders-sudan-iran-to-pay-75-million-to-family-of-uss-cole-victim/2015/03/31/a2105dd8-d7b8-11e4-ba28-f2a685dc7f89_story.html
(6)
The 9/11 Commission Report
July 22, 2004
https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf#page=258
(7)
9/11 Commission Finds Ties Between al-Qaeda and Iran
Adam Zagorin and Joe Klein
Time July 16, 2004
http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,664967,00.html
(8)
Court Filings Assert Iran Had Link to 9/11 Attacks
Benjamin Weiser and Scott Shane
The New York Times May 19, 2011
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/world/middleeast/20terror.html?_r=1
(9)
The 9/11 Commission's Unfinished Business: What Did Iran Know?
Philip Shenon
The Daily Beast July 13, 2017
https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-911-commissions-unfinished-business-what-did-iran-know
(10)
NY Judge: Iran, Taliban, Al-Qaida Liable For 9/11 Attack
CBS New York December 22, 2011
https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/ny-judge-iran-taliban-al-qaida-liable-for-911-attack/
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/world/middleeast/20terror.html?_r=1
(9)
The 9/11 Commission's Unfinished Business: What Did Iran Know?
Philip Shenon
The Daily Beast July 13, 2017
https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-911-commissions-unfinished-business-what-did-iran-know
(10)
NY Judge: Iran, Taliban, Al-Qaida Liable For 9/11 Attack
CBS New York December 22, 2011
https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/ny-judge-iran-taliban-al-qaida-liable-for-911-attack/
Iran 911 Case
Havlish, et al vs. Osama Bin Laden, Iran, et al
(11)
Iran Told to Pay $10.5 Billion to Sept. 11 Kin, Insurers
Bob Van Voris
Bloomberg March 9, 2016
New York Federal Judge Finds Iran Provided Material Support for 9/11 Attacks
Joseph Braude
Asharq Al-Awsat March 17, 2016
https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/joseph-braudeasharqalawsat-com/news-middle-east/latest-news/six-exclusive-documents-indict-iran-hezbollah-for-911-attacks
Joseph Braude
Asharq Al-Awsat March 17, 2016
https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/joseph-braudeasharqalawsat-com/news-middle-east/latest-news/six-exclusive-documents-indict-iran-hezbollah-for-911-attacks
Ashton, et al v. Al Qaeda Islamic, et al
United States District Court
Southern District of New York
March 9, 2016
(12)
Iran ordered to pay billions to relatives of 9/11 victims
Aaron Katersky
ABC News May 1, 2018
https://abcnews.go.com/International/iran-ordered-pay-billions-relatives-911-victims/story?id=54862664
(13)
Iranian Politician Discusses Facilitation Of 9/11 Hijackers
Hanna Bogorowski
Daily Caller June 8, 2018
https://dailycaller.com/2018/06/08/iran-facilitated-passage-of-9-11-attackers-politician/
Daily Caller: Iran Facilitated Passage of 9/11 Attackers
Timothy Meads
Townhall June 9, 2018
https://townhall.com/tipsheet/timothymeads/2018/06/09/daily-caller-iran-facilitated-passage-of-911-attackers-n2489052
Iranian official: We protected al-Qaeda terrorists before 9/11
Mary Kay Linge
New York Post June 9, 2018
https://nypost.com/2018/06/09/iran-admits-it-protected-al-qaeda-terrorists-before-9-11/amp/
(14)
Iranian Force Has Long Ties to Al Qaeda
Dana Priest and Douglas Farah
The Washington Post October 14, 2003
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/10/14/iranian-force-has-long-ties-to-al-qaeda/35ad4db7-3ff8-47a5-9673-4e1b5788b3b3/
(15)
Assessing the threat to the homeland from Al-Qaeda operations in Iran and Syria
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee on Homeland Security
Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence
Washington DC. May 22, 2013
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg85684/html/CHRG-113hhrg85684.htm
(16)
State Department: Iran continues to host al Qaeda's 'core facilitation pipeline'
Thomas Joscelyn
Long War Journal July 23, 2017
https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/07/state-department-iran-continues-to-host-al-qaedas-core-facilitation-pipeline.php
(17)
Al Qaeda's Iran connection
Sean Durns
The Washington Times September 8, 2016
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/8/al-qaedas-iran-connection/
(18)
UN: Iran-based leaders 'have grown more prominent' in al Qaeda's global network
Thomas Joscelyn
The Long War Journal August 14, 2018
https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/08/un-iran-based-leaders-have-grown-more-prominent-in-al-qaedas-global-network.php
Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Da'esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals, groups, undertakings and entities
United Nations July 27, 2018
Iran ordered to pay billions to relatives of 9/11 victims
Aaron Katersky
ABC News May 1, 2018
https://abcnews.go.com/International/iran-ordered-pay-billions-relatives-911-victims/story?id=54862664
(13)
Iranian Politician Discusses Facilitation Of 9/11 Hijackers
Hanna Bogorowski
Daily Caller June 8, 2018
https://dailycaller.com/2018/06/08/iran-facilitated-passage-of-9-11-attackers-politician/
Daily Caller: Iran Facilitated Passage of 9/11 Attackers
Timothy Meads
Townhall June 9, 2018
https://townhall.com/tipsheet/timothymeads/2018/06/09/daily-caller-iran-facilitated-passage-of-911-attackers-n2489052
Iranian official: We protected al-Qaeda terrorists before 9/11
Mary Kay Linge
New York Post June 9, 2018
https://nypost.com/2018/06/09/iran-admits-it-protected-al-qaeda-terrorists-before-9-11/amp/
(14)
Iranian Force Has Long Ties to Al Qaeda
Dana Priest and Douglas Farah
The Washington Post October 14, 2003
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/10/14/iranian-force-has-long-ties-to-al-qaeda/35ad4db7-3ff8-47a5-9673-4e1b5788b3b3/
(15)
Assessing the threat to the homeland from Al-Qaeda operations in Iran and Syria
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee on Homeland Security
Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence
Washington DC. May 22, 2013
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg85684/html/CHRG-113hhrg85684.htm
(16)
State Department: Iran continues to host al Qaeda's 'core facilitation pipeline'
Thomas Joscelyn
Long War Journal July 23, 2017
https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/07/state-department-iran-continues-to-host-al-qaedas-core-facilitation-pipeline.php
(17)
Al Qaeda's Iran connection
Sean Durns
The Washington Times September 8, 2016
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/8/al-qaedas-iran-connection/
(18)
UN: Iran-based leaders 'have grown more prominent' in al Qaeda's global network
Thomas Joscelyn
The Long War Journal August 14, 2018
https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/08/un-iran-based-leaders-have-grown-more-prominent-in-al-qaedas-global-network.php
Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Da'esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals, groups, undertakings and entities
United Nations July 27, 2018
(19)
Analysis: CIA releases massive trove of Osama bin Laden's files
Thomas Joscelyn and Bill Roggio
Long War Journal November 1, 2017
https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/11/analysis-cia-releases-massive-trove-of-osama-bin-ladens-files.php
(20)
Canada thwarts "al Qaeda-backed" train plot, Iran denies role
Euan Rocha and Alastair Sharp
Reuters April 23, 2013
https://www.reuters.com/article/idCABRE93L0YW20130423
(21)
Iran is new transit point for Somali charcoal in illicit trade taxed by militants: U.N. report
Michelle Nichols
Reuters October 9, 2018
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-sanctions-un-idUSKCN1MJ158
Report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea
Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea
United Nations November 9, 2018
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2018_1002.pdf
(22)
Why Are Al Qaeda Leaders in Iran?
Cole Bunzel
Foreign Affairs February 11, 2021
Analysis: CIA releases massive trove of Osama bin Laden's files
Thomas Joscelyn and Bill Roggio
Long War Journal November 1, 2017
https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/11/analysis-cia-releases-massive-trove-of-osama-bin-ladens-files.php
(20)
Canada thwarts "al Qaeda-backed" train plot, Iran denies role
Euan Rocha and Alastair Sharp
Reuters April 23, 2013
https://www.reuters.com/article/idCABRE93L0YW20130423
(21)
Iran is new transit point for Somali charcoal in illicit trade taxed by militants: U.N. report
Michelle Nichols
Reuters October 9, 2018
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-sanctions-un-idUSKCN1MJ158
Report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea
Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea
United Nations November 9, 2018
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2018_1002.pdf
(22)
Why Are Al Qaeda Leaders in Iran?
Cole Bunzel
Foreign Affairs February 11, 2021
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2021-02-11/why-are-al-qaeda-leaders-iran
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The Iran-al-Qa'ida Axis
Michael R. Pompeo
Secretary of State
National Press Club January 12, 2021
